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The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a wealthy female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of this colony is responsible for egg production for its colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of this queen swells up radically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen starts producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of the year, and huge swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into employees, but others may further moult to become soldiers or alates.
Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in major differences in life span. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are exclusively female. Men (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are both diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, male and female employees may have different roles in a termite colony.63.
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The entire life cycle of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult stages.64 Nymphs resemble little adults, and go through a series of moults as they develop.
The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, employees must feed them, but workers also get involved in the social life of their colony and also have certain other activities to achieve such as foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones govern the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are effective at a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower level of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than workers, soldiers and nymphs.69 The lower levels of harm appear to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.
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By way of example, alates in certain species emerge during the daytime in summer while some emerge during the winter.71 The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around regions with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the bigger species normally having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early stages of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is a few years old.53 At adulthood, a main queen has a great capability to lay eggs. In certain species, the adult queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and might create 40,000 eggs a day.72 Both mature ovaries may have some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times greater than prior to mating and reduces her ability to maneuver freely; attendant employees offer assistance. .
The king grows only slightly bigger after initial mating and continues to partner with the queen for life (a termite queen can survive between 30Â to 50Â years); this is very different from ant colonies, in that a queen teammates once with the man (s) and stores the gametes for life, as the male ants die soon after mating.6267 When a queen is absent, a termite king generates pheromones which encourage the development of replacement termite queens.74 As the queen and king are monogamous, sperm competition does not happen.75.
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Termites going through incomplete metamorphosis on the path to becoming alates type a subcaste in certain species of termite, functioning as potential supplementary reproductives. These supplementary reproductives only grow into main reproductives upon the death of a king or queen, or when the primary reproductives are separated from the colony.6676 Supplementaries have the capacity to replace a dead principal reproductivesystem, and there may also be greater than just a single supplementary within a colony.53 Some queens have the capacity to switch from sexual reproduction to asexual reproduction.